Organic compounds in life

1. Carbohydrates (saccharides)

Derived from the Latin carbo = carbon and hydrate = water. Carbohydrates are composed of three types of elements are carbon, oxygen and hydrogen with the general formula Cn (H2O) n. Based on the existing cluster in carbohydrate molecules, the compounds are defined as polihidroksialdehida and polihidroksiketon. Saccharide term itself comes from the Latin and refers to the sweetness of simple carbohydrates compounds.
Carbohydrates ter for the four major groups, namely:

a. Monosaccharides (CnH2nOn)
Monosaccharides (from English Yunanimono: one, sacchar: sugar) is a carbohydrate compound in the simplest form of sugar and pick the carbon atoms they contain (trioses, tetrosa, pentose, hexose)

• trioses
Trioses is a monosaccharide containing three atoms karbon.Contoh: gliseraldehidaC3H6O3: trioses
• Tertrosa
Tertrosa is a monosaccharide containing 4 atoms karbon.Contoh: ErutruloseC4H8O4: tetrosa
• pentose
Containing 5 carbon atoms. Within the cells contained in the Nucleic Acid (DNA, RNA) and several coenzymes. Example: ribose, C5H10O4: pentose
• hexose
Containing 6 atoms karbon.Contoh: glucose, C6H12O6: hexoses

b. disaccharide
Disaccharide is a carbohydrate molecule composed of two monosaccharides, linked by glycoside bonds. Glycoside bond formed between atoms C 1 a monosaccharide O atom of OH with other monosaccharides

1. Maltose is a disaccharide and is the result of the partial hydrolysis of starch (starch). C6H10O5 (a complex carbohydrate which is insoluble in water, form a white powder, tasteless and odorless. Starch is the main material produced by plants to store excess glucose (as a product of photosynthesis) in the long run.)
From the structure of the maltose

2. sucrose
Sucrose found in sugar cane and sugar beet. In everyday life known as table sugar sucrose. Sucrose is composed of glucose molecules and fructose sugar mixture is called inversion sugar, sweeter than sucrose.

3. LactoseLactose is the major component found in mother's milk and cow's milk. Hydrolysis galaktase darilaktosa with the help of enzymes produced from digestion, will provideThe same equivalent amount of α-D-glucose and β-D-galactose.c. OligosaccharideOligosaccharide is a combination of monosaccharide molecules whose numbers between 2 (two) to 8 (eight) monosaccharide molecules (trioses, tetrosa, pentose, hexose). So that oligosaccharide may be a disaccharide, trisakarida and lainnya.Knapa bsa?d. PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides, complete hydrolysis of polysaccharides will produce monosaccharides.Polysaccharides consist of:
Homopolisakarida; formed by the same monosaccharides, such as starch and glycogen molecules. Reserve food starch in plant cells, while glycogen reserves in animal cells.
Starch; composed of amylose and amylopectin
Glycogen; is a polymer of glucose molecules. In animal cells there are so sedikit.Tetapi on molluscs, liver, muscle glycogen contains many.
Inulin; substances are abundant in certain plant root cells, is classified polosakarida hydrolyzed fructose produces fructose.
Cellulose; is a polymer of sellobiosa with chemical formula (C12H22O11). Abundant cellulose in the cell walls of higher plants that serve as a protective cell.2. LipidLipids can be extracted from animal tissue or tumbuham memalui lemak.Lipid solvents include fatty acids, neutral fats, phospholipids, glycolipids, terpenes, and streroid.Fatty acids play an important role as a constituent of plasma membrane. 
These fatty acids have two areas:a. hydrocarbon chain; hidrofobiktidak are water soluble and less reactive;b. carboxylic acid group; mengion in solution. Dissolved in water, it reactsform esters. Phospholipids have hidrofobikyang tail consisting of two fatty acid chains andthe hydrophilic head groups. Two layers of phospholipids may be associated tailwith the tail forming dwilapisan phospholipid that is the basic structure of the membraneplasma.

Various kinds of lipids contained in living things:a. Simple lipid is triglyceride fatty acids and alcohol.b. Combined lipid is hydrolyzed to fatty acid ester produces fatty acids, alcohol and other substances. (Mechanism) combined lipid found in the cell protoplasm animal and plant cells are: phospholipids, spingolipida.As a result of obesity may be caused by accumulation of lipids (fats) activity due to eating too much, because the fat rarely move (exercise) can certainly be dangerous to anyone any more prone to fat accumulation kolersterol and liver disorders and obesity where more dangerous if the obese patients had diabetes because the fat anyway terdpat glycolipid substances. 
3. Protein
     Protein is one of biomolecules raksasaselain polysaccharides, lipids and polynucleotide which is the main constituent being hidup.Molekul larger protein than carbohydrates and protein is an acid constituent lipidaSatuan amino.senyawa high-molecular-weight organic compound which is a polymer of the monomer-monomerasam aminoyang connected each other by peptide bonds. Protein molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur and fosfor.ContohProtein important role in the structure and function of all living cells and viruses.Proteins are composed of the elements C, H, O, and N.Role of protein:• as a catalyst for specific chemical reactions as enzymes.• provide rigidity structuralpembentukan• monitor the permeability of the cell membrane.• regulate the levels of metabolites necessary.• causing movement, and.• monitor the activity of genes.

There are 4 levels of protein structure are:1. The primary structure shows the number, type and sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule (amino acid sequence in a protein molecule)2. Secondary structures exhibit many properties of a protein is determined by the orientation of the molecule as a whole, form a protein molecule (eg spiral) and spatial planning framework (the hydrogen bonds between the NH group, one amino acid residue with the carbonyl group C = O acid residues other )3. Tertiary structure shows a tendency circumstances polypeptide folds to form a combined string (further interaction as a framework folded to form a sphere)4. Quaternary structure reflects the degree of partnership units of proteins.Judging from its structure, the protein can be divided into two groups, namely:1. Simple protein which is a protein that is only composed of amino acid molecules. For example, albumin and Gobulin2. Protein is a protein composite that consists of protein and not protein groups. This cluster is called prosthetic groups and consists of carbohydrates, lipids or nucleic acids.Simple, aggregated proteins can be classified as follows: Protein primary structure of the molecule consists of amino acids arranged in a linear peptide bond Protein secondary structure of the molecule consists of hundreds of amino acids dispersed spiral Protein tertiary structure of the molecule consists of several polypeptide chains associated with sulfur such as globulin Protein quarter, its molecular structure containing two or more peptide bonds are blessings with a weak covalent Katan. For example, hemoglobinSimple protein according to the shape of the molecule is divided into 2 groups:1. Protein fiber. Protein molecule consists of several polypeptide chains are elongated and connected to each other by some crosslinking to a form of fiber or fibers are stable. Protein fiber is not soluble in aqueous solvents, either saline, acidic, alkaline or alcohol. Large molecular weight can not be determined with purified starch and difficult. The usefulness of this protein only to form a network structure and materials, for example, is the keratin in the hair.2. Globular proteins. Globular proteins are generally round or elliptical and consists of polypeptide chains involved. Globular protein / speroprotein spherical, protein is soluble in saline solution and dilute acid, is also easier to change under the influence of temperature, acid concentration and dilute acids. This protein is easily denatured.

     Protein is very important for living things, because all the enzymes involved in metabolic reactions are proteins but not all proteins are enzymes .based on statement on previously the role of protein is One use of crystallization techniques in the industry is the crystallization of proteins. Recently kritalisasi protein plays an important role in the drug industry, namely (1) Determination of protein structural biology and drug design, (2) Bioseparasi, and (3) As a control drug effectiveness. In the first keguanaan, protein crystals are used to determine the three-dimensional structure of the protein crystallography techniques. Designing drugs are associated with this technique, which involves designing a drug molecule corresponding to the active site of a macromolecule cause of a disease.


4. Nucleic Acids
     Nucleic acids are macromolecules that holds a very important role in the life of the organism because the information stored therein genetik.Asam polynucleotide nucleic often also called because it is composed of a number of nucleotides as monomernya.Tiap nucleotide molecules have a structure consisting of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and nitrogen bases or nucleotide bases (base N). There are two kinds of nucleic acids, the deoxyribonucleic acid or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid (RNA). Terms of structure, the difference between the two kinds of nucleic acids is mainly located in the sugar component pentosanya. Pentosanya sugar in RNA is ribose, whereas in DNA sugar pentosanya having lost one O atom at position C number 2 'so called sugar 2'-deoxyribose.

     Other structural differences between DNA and RNA is in its base N. Tongue N, both the DNA and the RNA, has a structure in the form of heterocyclic aromatic ring (containing C and N) and can be grouped into two categories, namely purine and pyrimidine. Purine bases have two rings (bicyclic), whereas the pyrimidine bases have only one ring (monocyclic). In DNA, and RNA, consisting of purine adenine (A) and guanine (G). However, for pyrimidines is no difference between DNA and RNA. If the DNA is composed of pyrimidine bases cytosine (C) and thymine (T), the RNA is no thymine and uracil instead there