Hydrocarbon Derivatives

Organic compounds are divided into two main classes: hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivativesHydrocarbon-derivative is a compound of carbon molecules and at least one other element that is not hydrogen


-Organic halides are organic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atomsPublic-organic halides including Freon (chlorofluorocarbons) and Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene)Naming-halide using the same format as branched-chain hydrocarbons 
-The branch is named by shortening the halogen name for fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo- 
-In the drawing organic halides using IUPAC names, draw the parent chain and add branches in locations specified in the namefor example.
    Cl Cl
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   H-C-C-H
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     H H1.2-dikloroetanFast-reacting organic halides is described from the idea that there is no strong covalent bonds broken - the rearrangement of electrons does not involve the separation of carbon atomsAddition of halogen can be added to the resulting alkenes or alkynes alkanes 
-By adding a halogen to an alkene, the product can undergo another step Additionally, by adding halogen to the parent chain, bonds should be a single bond to accommodate halogenSubstitution-reactions are reactions involving the rupture of the carbon-hydrogen bonds in an alkane or aromatic ring and the replacement of a hydrogen atom by atom or group of atoms
-With light energy allows substitution reaction to move to the level of such looks. C3H8 + BR2 + light => C3H7Br + HBR
 -Through the substitution reaction, the reaction to the product name, it only shows the number of locations replacement, followed by halogen prefix (eg Bromo-) and then declare the parent chain type. Also shows both created from the reaction product substitution (hydrogen bromide) for example. propane + bromine => 1-bromopropane + hydrogen bromide
 -Removal is an organic reaction in which an alkyl halide reacts with the hydroxide ions to produce an alkene by removing a hydrogen ion and a halide of molecules

  H H H H H H
  | | | | | |H-C-C-C-H + OH => H-C = C-C-H-O + H + Br
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  H H H BRH-Alcohol has properties that can be explained by the presence of hydroxyl (OH-) functional group attached to the hydrocarbon chain-Short-chain alcohols are very soluble in water because they form hydrogen bonds with water molecules 
-Alcohol is used as a solvent in organic reactions because they are effective for both polar compounds and non-polar 
-For the name of the alcohol, the-e is dropped from the final name of alkanes and substituted with-ol for example. Methane => methanol
-Methanol is also called wood alcohol because it never made by heating wood shavings in the absence of air 
-Today, methanol is made by combining carbon monoxide and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure using a catalyst
-Methanol, however, is toxic to humans. Consuming small amounts can cause blindness or death
 -When naming alcohols with more than two carbon atoms, the position of the hydroxyl group is indicatedAlcohol-containing more than one hydroxyl group is called polyalcohols, such as their name indicates the position of the hydroxyl group. 1,2-ethanediol
 -Alcohol undergo elimination reaction to produce alkenes via catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid, which removes or eliminates hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups-Ether is a family of organic compounds that contain oxygen atoms bonded between two groups of hydrocarbons, and has a general formula R1-O-R2 
-To add oxy ether name for the group prefixes for smaller hydrocarbons and join the alkane name of the larger hydrocarbonfor example.CH3-O-C2H5 
 

methoxyethane :
 -Ether has a low solubility in water, low boiling point, and had no evidence of hydrogen bondingEther-chemistry changes when treated with reagents only strong in robust conditionEther-alcohols formed by a condensation reactionCondensation-reaction is the joining of two molecules and the elimination of a small molecule, usually waterCarbonyl-functional groups,-CO-, consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded oxygen atoms covalently-Aldehydes have carbonyl groups at the terminal carbon atom of the chain
 -To name an aldehyde, replacing the final-e of the corresponding alkane name with the suffix-alSmall-molecule aldehydes have sharp, irritating odor while larger molecules have the smell of flowers and used to make perfume
 -A ketone has a carbonyl group is present everywhere in the carbon chain except at the end of the chain 
-The difference in the position of the carbonyl group affects the chemical reactivity, and allows us to distinguish aldehydes from ketones in empirical 
-To name a ketone, replacing e-end of the corresponding alkane name with-one
-The simplest ketone is acetone (propanone), CH3COCH3Family-organic compounds, carboxylic acids containing carboxyl functional group,-COOH, which includes both the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups-Carboxylic acid found in citrus fruits, and other foods with nature has a sour taste
 -Carboxylic acid also has a distinctive odor (like sweat from a person's leg) 
-The molecules of carboxylic acids form hydrogen bonds well with the pole and each other and with water moleculesThe acid-carboxylic acid, so the litmus test to separate hydrocarbons from other derivative 
-To name a carboxylic acid, replacing e-end of the alkane name with-oic, followed by a "sour" saidMethanoic-acid, HCOOH, is the first member of the family of carboxylic acidsSome acid-containing carbonyl groups of two or three such as oxalic acid, and citric acid
   

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