PROTEIN AS THE CARRIER

Protein as Palat trasnportasi / carrier.

 Transporter protein has the ability to bind to specific molecules and transporting various substances through the blood stream. For instance:

hemoglobin, consisting of group-containing compound heme iron bound to the protein globin, serves as an oxygen carrier in the blood of vertebrates;

myoglobin, the oxygen transporter in muscle tissue;

Serum albumin, as a transporter of fatty acids in the blood;

ceruloplasmin, a copper ion transporters in darah.

-EXPLANATION

--Hemoglobin

(short: Hb) is protein molecule in red blood cells that combine with oxygen and carbon dioxide to be transported through the circulatory system to the tissue-tissue in the body. iron ions in the form of Fe 2 in hemoglobin gives red color to the blood. Normally 100 ml of blood contains 15 grams of hemoglobin capable of carrying human hemoglobin 0:03 oksigen.

Molecul gram terbina than four subunit protein globule form (namely near-Sfera). Therefore one subunit can carry one molecule of oxygen, it is effective every molecule of hemoglobin can carry four oxygen molecules. Each subunit also composed than one polypeptide chain that binds strongly the other molecules, called heme heme.

sturucture is more or less the same as chlorophyll. It consists instead of a ring-shaped protein molecule is not called porphyrin, and one atom of iron (Fe), located in the middle of last porphyrin molecule. This is where oxygen will be bound during the blood through the lungs

.

--Cerum albumin

 is a protein called albuminSering with the highest number in the body. Albumin is essential for maintaining the osmotic pressure on the distribution of body fluids between intravascular compartment and tubuh.Albumin network also serves as a carrier plasma by indirectly binding hydrophobic steroid hormones and protein bearers for hemin and fatty acids in sirkulasinya.

BSA, fraction V of serum albumin is useful to shed some substance from the blood circulation through the liver, such as bilirubin, thyroxine, taurolithocholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and heme digitoksin peptides of cytochrome C. [5] 60% of the proteins in blood plasma, serum amount that exceeds normal limits can be harmful to humans. Prealbumin (English: transthyretin) is suspected as the bearers of hormone thyroxine from the blood to the brain.

--Seruloplasmin

copper compete for absorption in the digestive tract, causing one of the advantages of these minerals in the diet lead to mineral deficiencies feeds the other. RDA copper for a healthy adult is 0.9 mg daily. Copper is transported most of the bloodstream by plasma protein called ceruloplasmin. When copper was first absorbed in the stomach, he was transported to hatidan bound albumin.

cooper have an important role in a number of plant and animal enzymes, including cytochrome c oxidase copper-centered and enzymes superoxide dismutase (contains copper and zinc). Particularly those involved in catalysis and electron transfer in dioxygen transport and catalysis reaction.

 Blue copper protein involved in the transport of electrons and plastosianin termasuklah azurin. 

Blue copper name derived than blue terhasil strong absorption lines due to the transport of ligand to metal charge around 600 nm. In the oxygenation reaction of tyrosinase, ascorbate oxidase, and for the transport of oxygen (hemocyanin). Most of the biologically active copper centers found in proteins outside the cell or vesicle.

--Myoglobin

 is a monomeric protein tertiary function is to keep a back up oxygen in skeletal muscle cells (striated muscle). Protein is made up of approximately 154 amino acid sequence and contains a single heme group (porphyrin chains containing one iron atom). Gena which encodes the protein myoglobin consists of three ekson.Protein myoglobin is composed of eight alpha chain named after the latin alphabet (A through H)

unlike hemoglobin which has four heme groups, myoglobin has only one functioning piece heme group binds intracellular oxygen. Cluster heme is bound by a histidine side chain, ie the chain near the histidine (proximal) that bind heme directly in the chain of hydrophobic proteins and histidine far (distal), which serves to stabilize the heme is bound oxygen

.

Cluster histidine far also provide protection from the molecules of carbon monoxide (CO) which can enter into myoglobin.Oksigen will be used for the formation of ATP, which takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. Without the help of oxygen, the process of formation of ATP in the mitochondria will be uninterrupted.

Organic compounds in life

1. Carbohydrates (saccharides)

Derived from the Latin carbo = carbon and hydrate = water. Carbohydrates are composed of three types of elements are carbon, oxygen and hydrogen with the general formula Cn (H2O) n. Based on the existing cluster in carbohydrate molecules, the compounds are defined as polihidroksialdehida and polihidroksiketon. Saccharide term itself comes from the Latin and refers to the sweetness of simple carbohydrates compounds.
Carbohydrates ter for the four major groups, namely:

a. Monosaccharides (CnH2nOn)
Monosaccharides (from English Yunanimono: one, sacchar: sugar) is a carbohydrate compound in the simplest form of sugar and pick the carbon atoms they contain (trioses, tetrosa, pentose, hexose)

• trioses
Trioses is a monosaccharide containing three atoms karbon.Contoh: gliseraldehidaC3H6O3: trioses
• Tertrosa
Tertrosa is a monosaccharide containing 4 atoms karbon.Contoh: ErutruloseC4H8O4: tetrosa
• pentose
Containing 5 carbon atoms. Within the cells contained in the Nucleic Acid (DNA, RNA) and several coenzymes. Example: ribose, C5H10O4: pentose
• hexose
Containing 6 atoms karbon.Contoh: glucose, C6H12O6: hexoses

b. disaccharide
Disaccharide is a carbohydrate molecule composed of two monosaccharides, linked by glycoside bonds. Glycoside bond formed between atoms C 1 a monosaccharide O atom of OH with other monosaccharides

1. Maltose is a disaccharide and is the result of the partial hydrolysis of starch (starch). C6H10O5 (a complex carbohydrate which is insoluble in water, form a white powder, tasteless and odorless. Starch is the main material produced by plants to store excess glucose (as a product of photosynthesis) in the long run.)
From the structure of the maltose

2. sucrose
Sucrose found in sugar cane and sugar beet. In everyday life known as table sugar sucrose. Sucrose is composed of glucose molecules and fructose sugar mixture is called inversion sugar, sweeter than sucrose.

3. LactoseLactose is the major component found in mother's milk and cow's milk. Hydrolysis galaktase darilaktosa with the help of enzymes produced from digestion, will provideThe same equivalent amount of α-D-glucose and β-D-galactose.c. OligosaccharideOligosaccharide is a combination of monosaccharide molecules whose numbers between 2 (two) to 8 (eight) monosaccharide molecules (trioses, tetrosa, pentose, hexose). So that oligosaccharide may be a disaccharide, trisakarida and lainnya.Knapa bsa?d. PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides, complete hydrolysis of polysaccharides will produce monosaccharides.Polysaccharides consist of:
Homopolisakarida; formed by the same monosaccharides, such as starch and glycogen molecules. Reserve food starch in plant cells, while glycogen reserves in animal cells.
Starch; composed of amylose and amylopectin
Glycogen; is a polymer of glucose molecules. In animal cells there are so sedikit.Tetapi on molluscs, liver, muscle glycogen contains many.
Inulin; substances are abundant in certain plant root cells, is classified polosakarida hydrolyzed fructose produces fructose.
Cellulose; is a polymer of sellobiosa with chemical formula (C12H22O11). Abundant cellulose in the cell walls of higher plants that serve as a protective cell.2. LipidLipids can be extracted from animal tissue or tumbuham memalui lemak.Lipid solvents include fatty acids, neutral fats, phospholipids, glycolipids, terpenes, and streroid.Fatty acids play an important role as a constituent of plasma membrane. 
These fatty acids have two areas:a. hydrocarbon chain; hidrofobiktidak are water soluble and less reactive;b. carboxylic acid group; mengion in solution. Dissolved in water, it reactsform esters. Phospholipids have hidrofobikyang tail consisting of two fatty acid chains andthe hydrophilic head groups. Two layers of phospholipids may be associated tailwith the tail forming dwilapisan phospholipid that is the basic structure of the membraneplasma.

Various kinds of lipids contained in living things:a. Simple lipid is triglyceride fatty acids and alcohol.b. Combined lipid is hydrolyzed to fatty acid ester produces fatty acids, alcohol and other substances. (Mechanism) combined lipid found in the cell protoplasm animal and plant cells are: phospholipids, spingolipida.As a result of obesity may be caused by accumulation of lipids (fats) activity due to eating too much, because the fat rarely move (exercise) can certainly be dangerous to anyone any more prone to fat accumulation kolersterol and liver disorders and obesity where more dangerous if the obese patients had diabetes because the fat anyway terdpat glycolipid substances. 
3. Protein
     Protein is one of biomolecules raksasaselain polysaccharides, lipids and polynucleotide which is the main constituent being hidup.Molekul larger protein than carbohydrates and protein is an acid constituent lipidaSatuan amino.senyawa high-molecular-weight organic compound which is a polymer of the monomer-monomerasam aminoyang connected each other by peptide bonds. Protein molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur and fosfor.ContohProtein important role in the structure and function of all living cells and viruses.Proteins are composed of the elements C, H, O, and N.Role of protein:• as a catalyst for specific chemical reactions as enzymes.• provide rigidity structuralpembentukan• monitor the permeability of the cell membrane.• regulate the levels of metabolites necessary.• causing movement, and.• monitor the activity of genes.

There are 4 levels of protein structure are:1. The primary structure shows the number, type and sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule (amino acid sequence in a protein molecule)2. Secondary structures exhibit many properties of a protein is determined by the orientation of the molecule as a whole, form a protein molecule (eg spiral) and spatial planning framework (the hydrogen bonds between the NH group, one amino acid residue with the carbonyl group C = O acid residues other )3. Tertiary structure shows a tendency circumstances polypeptide folds to form a combined string (further interaction as a framework folded to form a sphere)4. Quaternary structure reflects the degree of partnership units of proteins.Judging from its structure, the protein can be divided into two groups, namely:1. Simple protein which is a protein that is only composed of amino acid molecules. For example, albumin and Gobulin2. Protein is a protein composite that consists of protein and not protein groups. This cluster is called prosthetic groups and consists of carbohydrates, lipids or nucleic acids.Simple, aggregated proteins can be classified as follows: Protein primary structure of the molecule consists of amino acids arranged in a linear peptide bond Protein secondary structure of the molecule consists of hundreds of amino acids dispersed spiral Protein tertiary structure of the molecule consists of several polypeptide chains associated with sulfur such as globulin Protein quarter, its molecular structure containing two or more peptide bonds are blessings with a weak covalent Katan. For example, hemoglobinSimple protein according to the shape of the molecule is divided into 2 groups:1. Protein fiber. Protein molecule consists of several polypeptide chains are elongated and connected to each other by some crosslinking to a form of fiber or fibers are stable. Protein fiber is not soluble in aqueous solvents, either saline, acidic, alkaline or alcohol. Large molecular weight can not be determined with purified starch and difficult. The usefulness of this protein only to form a network structure and materials, for example, is the keratin in the hair.2. Globular proteins. Globular proteins are generally round or elliptical and consists of polypeptide chains involved. Globular protein / speroprotein spherical, protein is soluble in saline solution and dilute acid, is also easier to change under the influence of temperature, acid concentration and dilute acids. This protein is easily denatured.

     Protein is very important for living things, because all the enzymes involved in metabolic reactions are proteins but not all proteins are enzymes .based on statement on previously the role of protein is One use of crystallization techniques in the industry is the crystallization of proteins. Recently kritalisasi protein plays an important role in the drug industry, namely (1) Determination of protein structural biology and drug design, (2) Bioseparasi, and (3) As a control drug effectiveness. In the first keguanaan, protein crystals are used to determine the three-dimensional structure of the protein crystallography techniques. Designing drugs are associated with this technique, which involves designing a drug molecule corresponding to the active site of a macromolecule cause of a disease.


4. Nucleic Acids
     Nucleic acids are macromolecules that holds a very important role in the life of the organism because the information stored therein genetik.Asam polynucleotide nucleic often also called because it is composed of a number of nucleotides as monomernya.Tiap nucleotide molecules have a structure consisting of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and nitrogen bases or nucleotide bases (base N). There are two kinds of nucleic acids, the deoxyribonucleic acid or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid (RNA). Terms of structure, the difference between the two kinds of nucleic acids is mainly located in the sugar component pentosanya. Pentosanya sugar in RNA is ribose, whereas in DNA sugar pentosanya having lost one O atom at position C number 2 'so called sugar 2'-deoxyribose.

     Other structural differences between DNA and RNA is in its base N. Tongue N, both the DNA and the RNA, has a structure in the form of heterocyclic aromatic ring (containing C and N) and can be grouped into two categories, namely purine and pyrimidine. Purine bases have two rings (bicyclic), whereas the pyrimidine bases have only one ring (monocyclic). In DNA, and RNA, consisting of purine adenine (A) and guanine (G). However, for pyrimidines is no difference between DNA and RNA. If the DNA is composed of pyrimidine bases cytosine (C) and thymine (T), the RNA is no thymine and uracil instead there  

Hydrocarbon Derivatives

Organic compounds are divided into two main classes: hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivativesHydrocarbon-derivative is a compound of carbon molecules and at least one other element that is not hydrogen


-Organic halides are organic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atomsPublic-organic halides including Freon (chlorofluorocarbons) and Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene)Naming-halide using the same format as branched-chain hydrocarbons 
-The branch is named by shortening the halogen name for fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo- 
-In the drawing organic halides using IUPAC names, draw the parent chain and add branches in locations specified in the namefor example.
    Cl Cl
     | |
   H-C-C-H
     | |
     H H1.2-dikloroetanFast-reacting organic halides is described from the idea that there is no strong covalent bonds broken - the rearrangement of electrons does not involve the separation of carbon atomsAddition of halogen can be added to the resulting alkenes or alkynes alkanes 
-By adding a halogen to an alkene, the product can undergo another step Additionally, by adding halogen to the parent chain, bonds should be a single bond to accommodate halogenSubstitution-reactions are reactions involving the rupture of the carbon-hydrogen bonds in an alkane or aromatic ring and the replacement of a hydrogen atom by atom or group of atoms
-With light energy allows substitution reaction to move to the level of such looks. C3H8 + BR2 + light => C3H7Br + HBR
 -Through the substitution reaction, the reaction to the product name, it only shows the number of locations replacement, followed by halogen prefix (eg Bromo-) and then declare the parent chain type. Also shows both created from the reaction product substitution (hydrogen bromide) for example. propane + bromine => 1-bromopropane + hydrogen bromide
 -Removal is an organic reaction in which an alkyl halide reacts with the hydroxide ions to produce an alkene by removing a hydrogen ion and a halide of molecules

  H H H H H H
  | | | | | |H-C-C-C-H + OH => H-C = C-C-H-O + H + Br
  | | | | |
  H H H BRH-Alcohol has properties that can be explained by the presence of hydroxyl (OH-) functional group attached to the hydrocarbon chain-Short-chain alcohols are very soluble in water because they form hydrogen bonds with water molecules 
-Alcohol is used as a solvent in organic reactions because they are effective for both polar compounds and non-polar 
-For the name of the alcohol, the-e is dropped from the final name of alkanes and substituted with-ol for example. Methane => methanol
-Methanol is also called wood alcohol because it never made by heating wood shavings in the absence of air 
-Today, methanol is made by combining carbon monoxide and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure using a catalyst
-Methanol, however, is toxic to humans. Consuming small amounts can cause blindness or death
 -When naming alcohols with more than two carbon atoms, the position of the hydroxyl group is indicatedAlcohol-containing more than one hydroxyl group is called polyalcohols, such as their name indicates the position of the hydroxyl group. 1,2-ethanediol
 -Alcohol undergo elimination reaction to produce alkenes via catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid, which removes or eliminates hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups-Ether is a family of organic compounds that contain oxygen atoms bonded between two groups of hydrocarbons, and has a general formula R1-O-R2 
-To add oxy ether name for the group prefixes for smaller hydrocarbons and join the alkane name of the larger hydrocarbonfor example.CH3-O-C2H5 
 

methoxyethane :
 -Ether has a low solubility in water, low boiling point, and had no evidence of hydrogen bondingEther-chemistry changes when treated with reagents only strong in robust conditionEther-alcohols formed by a condensation reactionCondensation-reaction is the joining of two molecules and the elimination of a small molecule, usually waterCarbonyl-functional groups,-CO-, consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded oxygen atoms covalently-Aldehydes have carbonyl groups at the terminal carbon atom of the chain
 -To name an aldehyde, replacing the final-e of the corresponding alkane name with the suffix-alSmall-molecule aldehydes have sharp, irritating odor while larger molecules have the smell of flowers and used to make perfume
 -A ketone has a carbonyl group is present everywhere in the carbon chain except at the end of the chain 
-The difference in the position of the carbonyl group affects the chemical reactivity, and allows us to distinguish aldehydes from ketones in empirical 
-To name a ketone, replacing e-end of the corresponding alkane name with-one
-The simplest ketone is acetone (propanone), CH3COCH3Family-organic compounds, carboxylic acids containing carboxyl functional group,-COOH, which includes both the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups-Carboxylic acid found in citrus fruits, and other foods with nature has a sour taste
 -Carboxylic acid also has a distinctive odor (like sweat from a person's leg) 
-The molecules of carboxylic acids form hydrogen bonds well with the pole and each other and with water moleculesThe acid-carboxylic acid, so the litmus test to separate hydrocarbons from other derivative 
-To name a carboxylic acid, replacing e-end of the alkane name with-oic, followed by a "sour" saidMethanoic-acid, HCOOH, is the first member of the family of carboxylic acidsSome acid-containing carbonyl groups of two or three such as oxalic acid, and citric acid
   

ກ

- Huckel Rube and Aromatic compounds

A. Hückel rule
            In the year 1931 a German chemist Erich Hückel, suggested that an aromatic compound to be flat, monocyclic (one ring) needs to have as many pi electron 4N + 2, where n is an integer . According to the Hückel rule, a ring with pi electrons as 2,6,10 or 14 can be aromatic, but the ring with 8 or 12 pi electrons, can not be. Siklooktatetraena (with 8 electrons pi) does not comply with Hückel rule for aromaticity.Why the 6 or 10 pi electrons are aromatic, whereas 8 pi electrons are not?In order to be aromatic, all pi electrons must be paired, so it is possible overlapping (overlapping) optimal resulting in delocalization perfect.

            If sikloo ktatetraena flat and has a system similar to pi pi system of benzene, the orbital p1, p2, and p3 will be filled with six pi electrons pi.Dua remaining electrons will each occupy degenerate orbitals p4 and p5 (Hund's rule). Then not all the pi electrons will pair up and will not overlap maximum so sikooktatetraena will not be aromatic.Aromatic compounds must meet the following criteria:- Cyclical- Contains a delocalized p electron clouds below and above the plane of the molecule- Double bonds alternate with single bonds- Have a total number of 4N +2 p electrons, where n must bulisal numbers: if the number of electrons in a ring of a cyclic p = 12, then n = 2.5 then instead of aromatic compounds 


B. Benzene 
Benzene and benzene derivative compounds first synthesized by Michael Faraday in 1825, from which the gas is used as fuel for lamps .Ten years later it was discovered that benzene has the molecular formula C6H6 thus concluded that benzene has a double bond more than alkenes.Benzene molecules form a flat hexagon with carbon atoms located on the sixth corner. All the same carbon-carbon bond length and strength, as well as all the carbon-hydrogen bonds, and all the angles CCC and HCC is 1200. Thus, each carbon atom sp2 hybridise, every atom that form three sigma bonds with two carbon atoms next to them and the hydrogen atom.
 This arrangement leaves one 2pz orbitals are not confined between two adjacent atoms bonded to each other, but also extends to three or more atoms.Of the oily residue is buried in the gas mains in London. Currently, the main source of benzene, substituted benzene and aromatic compounds are petroleum: formerly of nearly 90% coal tar compounds active ingredients are aromatic compounds: benzene core has the formula.

       Structure of BenzeneThe double bond in benzene is different from the alkene double bond. The double bond in alkenes can undergo addition reactions, whereas the double bond in benzene can not you get an addition, but benzene can react substitution. Example:Addition reaction: C2H4 + Cl2 -> C2H4Cl2Substitution reaction: C6H6 + Cl2 -> C6H5Cl + HClAccording to Friedrich August Kekulé, six carbon atoms arranged in a cyclic benzene irregular hexagonal shape with a bond angle of 120 ° respectively. Antaratom carbon bond is a double bond and a single alternating (conjugated).

 X-ray analysis of the structure of benzene indicates that the carbon bond lengths in benzene antaratom same, ie 0.139 nm. The length of a double bond C = C is 0.134 nm and the length of C-C single bond is 0.154 nm. Thus, the carbon-carbon bonds in the benzene molecule is between double bond and a single bond. This renders the structure of Kekulé.Kekulé describe the structure of benzene by carbon atoms linked to one another to form a ring.

• August Kekulé in 1865: The structure illustrates that the structure of benzene composed three double bonds in the ring 6 members.• The three double bonds can be shifted and return quickly so that the two forms may not be separated.

Orbital benzeneEach carbon atom in benzene tying 3 others using sp2 hybridized orbital forming a planar molecule.Benzene is a symmetrical molecule, hexagonal shape with a bond angle 120oEach C atom has four orbital into the p orbitals. P orbitals overlap will experience suh (overlapping) to form a cloud of electrons as the source of electrons.



C. AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
 heterocyclicAccording to Erich Hückel, a compound that contains five or six-membered ring is aromatic if:• all the constituent atoms lie in a flat (planar)• every atom that form a ring having a 2p orbital• have the pi electrons in the cyclic arrangement of the 2p orbitals as 4n +2 (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...)In addition to benzene and its derivatives, there are several other types of compounds exhibit aromatic properties, which have high unsaturation and showed no reactions like alkenes. Benzene homosiklik included in the class of compounds, ie compounds that have only one type of atom in the ring system. 

 There are heterocyclic compounds, are compounds that have more than one type of atom in the ring system, the ring is composed of one or more atoms that are not carbon atoms. For example, pyridine and pirimidina are aromatic compounds such as benzene. In pyridine one CH unit of benzene is replaced by a nitrogen atom sp2 hybridise, and in pirimidina two CH units replaced by nitrogen atoms are sp2 hybridise.Membered heterocyclic compounds of five such as furan, thiophene, pyrrole, and imidazole also includes aromatic compounds. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are carcinogenic particular one, meaning that there are cancerous. These compounds can produce tumors in mice within a very short time even though only a few are applied to the skin. This is not only carcinogenic hydrocarbons present in coal tar, but also the soot and tobacco smoke and can form in the meat baker. Biological effects have been known for a long time, ie since 1775, when the soot is defined as a cause of cancer of the penis chimney cleaning. Incidence of lip cancer and heart disease are also found in the smoker.

D. TERMS OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS Aromatics Requirements: 
1. Molecules have cyclic and flat.
2. have p orbitals perpendicular to the ring plane (pi electron delocalization allow). 
3. have p orbitals perpendicular to the ring plane (pi electron delocalization allow)8 siklooktatetraena not aromatic pi electrons.USE AND IMPACT benzene in LIFE

a. Usefulness

1. Benzene is used as a solvent. 
2. Benzene is also used as a precursor in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, plastics, rubber, and artificial dyes. 
3. Benzene is used to raise the octane number of gasoline
4. Benzene is used as a solvent for various types of substances. Besides benzene is also used as a raw material to make styrene (a type of synthetic rubber material made) and nylon-66. 
5. Acid SalicylateSalicylic acid is the common name of o-hydroxybenzoic acid. Esters of salicylic acid with acetic acid is used as a drug by the name of aspirin or aspirin
6. Acid BenzoateBenzoic acid is used as a preservative in many processed foods. 
7. AnilineAniline is the base material for the manufacture of diazo dyes. The reaction of aniline with nitrous acid will produce diazonium salt, and this process is called diazotized. 
8. TolueneUsability is important toluene as a solvent and as a raw material for making explosive substances trinitrotoluene (TNT)
9. StirenaJika styrene polymerizes be formed polystyrene, a type of plastic that is widely used to make electrical insulator, bonekaboneka, shoe soles, as well as plates and cups. 
10. BenzaldehydeBenzaldehyde is used as a preservative as well as raw material for perfume because it has a delicious smell.
11. Sodium BenzoateSuch as benzoic acid, sodium benzoate is also used as a preservative in canned foods.
12. PhenolPhenol (phenyl alcohol) in their daily lives better known as carbolic acid or lisol, and used as a disinfecting agent (bacteria-killing) could cause protein denaturation.


b. Impact
1. Benzene is highly toxic and cancer-causing (carcinogenic). 

2. Benzene can cause death if inhaled at high concentrations, whereas at low concentrations causes headaches and increase heart rate.