Question : why do etilen and carbide influence the maturation process?

Banana and a kind, mature processes proceed naturally chemically. Carbohydrates in the womb flesh turned into glucose, which makes the sweetness and softened.The process produces gases Ethylene. This gas molecules propagate from one to the other makes around so mature.This is the basis to give Calcium Carbide (Calcium Carbide), is used to assist the process of maturation.

Calcium carbide 
carbide we call it, when in contact with water or moisture will produce acetylene gas. Gas is its chemical structure is similar to the natural Ethylene. Because it is filled with acetylene gas, the fruit will ripen simultaneously ferment. Yes, if less ripe fruit will not mature as nicely, because the content of carbohydrates - starch substance is still lacking. Acetylene gas as the light would fly and mixed with air.

Dangers posed as yet no real evidence, everything is just based on assumption without scientific evidence.Ripening fruit in this way are healthier than used Liquid Chemicals Ethylene containing the bercamour phosphorus. Phosphorous mixture ternmasuk highly toxic, besides its application by spraying rub the fruit.

What is Calcium Carbide (Carbide)?Calcium carbide or carbide is a chemical compound with chemical formula CaC2. Carbide is used in carbide welding process and also to accelerate the maturation of the fruit. ONEquation for Calcium Carbide with water isCaC2 + 2 H2O → C2H2 + Ca (OH) 2Therefore 1 gram CaC2 produces acetylene 349ml. In the process of carbide welding, acetylene is then burned to generate the heat required in welding.

Ethylene gascarbide has long been used traditionally to stimulate fruit maturity. Its effectiveness is only one hundredth than ethylene. Who knew that in addition to hyper maturity, acetylene gas produced from calcium carbide is also useful to eliminate green.Ethylene is a plant and cause more rapid maturation in many fruits, including bananas. Ethylene formation requires O2 and is inhibited by CO2. All parts of the plant can produce ethylene gas angiosperms. Formation mainly occurs in roots, shoot apical meristem, mode, fall flowers and ripe fruit. 
Ethylene gas has an influence on growth and development, including the following. 
1) Ripening fruit. The traders often store the fruit in containers gassed with CO2 at the time of delivery so that the fruit longer to mature and ripen after destination. Sometimes merchants brood ripe fruit with fresh fruit that mature quickly. 
2) Gas ethylene inhibits flowering in many plants. However, in some plant species, ethylene stimulates flowering. For example, the mango trees and pineapples.
3) Stimulate abscission (defoliation)
4) Joint gibberellin determine the expression of the genital organs of plants, such as the cucumber.

Ethylene is a growth hormone that is produced from normal metabolism in plants. Role of ethylene in fruit ripening and leaf loss. Ethylene is also called ethene 
[1] The compound of ethylene in plants found in the gas phase, so it is also called ethylene gas. Ethylene gas is colorless and volatile 
[2].Ethylene is often used by the distributors and importers of fruit. Fruit packed in immature fruit for transport dealers. Once up to trade, the fruit is given ethylene (brooded) so fast cook.In fruit ripening, ethylene working to solve the chlorophyll in young fruit, so the fruit has only xantofil and carotene. Thus, the color becomes orange or red fruit

Petroleum (crude oil)

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Petroleum 

Petroleum is usually located 3-4 km below the surface. To take the oil we have to make boreholes that had been adjusted depth. Crude oil gained tangker accommodated in the ship or supplied to the refinery by using a pipe. Crude oil that had been obtained can not be used as a fuel or other purposes. Crude oil must be processed first. Crude oil contains about 500 types of hydrocarbons by the number of atoms C-1 to C-50. Petroleum processing through distillation storey, where crude oil is separated into groups with similar boiling points. This is done because the boiling point hydrocarbons increases with the carbon atoms (C) in the molecule.
At first, Crude oil is heated at a temperature of about 400C. After heated later in the stream to the tower fractionation / distillation
DestilasiMenara distillation tower
Dimenara is a process of distillation. Namely the separation solution using heat as a separator. The main requirement is that the distillation process is the difference in composition between the liquid phase and vapor phase. Thus, if the composition of the liquid phase and vapor alike face the distillation process is not possible. The process of distillation in petroleum refineries is the primary processing of physics as the beginning of the process of producing the fuel (fuel oil).



scheme petroleum refinery distillation tower
Refining scheme


Crude oil is the result of drilling in the stream to the ship tangker and then distributed to the refinery. This is where the process of distillation which has been in jalaskan above. First, Crude heated to a temperature of about 400 degrees C. Components of a higher boiling point will remain a liquid and will flow down to the bottom, while the boiling point will evaporate more randah rise up through the containment lid-lid-called bubble. Getting up the temperature in the fractionation tower was getting low. Thus, each time the component with a higher boiling point rise, it will condense and separate, while the components with a lower boiling point will continue to rise into the upper part again. So it went on, so the above components in the form of gas. Components in the form of gas is called petroleum gas. Then the liquefied petroleum gas and dikelan as LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas).

The results of refined petroleum


Of the scheme on the previous page we can see the results from the distillation of crude oil. Diatnaranya namely:

# LPG
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) with Pertamina ELPIJI brand, is the result of gas production from refineries (refinery fuel) and gas refinery, which is the main component of propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) approximately 99% and the rest is gas pentane ( C5H12) were thawed

# Aviation fuel
One aviation fuel aviation fuel which is used as fuel persawat fly.

# Gasoline
Gasoline is a fuel transport still plays an important role to date. Gasoline containing more than 500 types of hydrocarbons having chain C5-C10. Levels vary depending on the composition of the crude oil and desired quality.

# Kerosene (kerosene)
Hydrocarbon fuels obtained as petroleum distillates with a higher boiling point than gasoline; kerosene; patra oil.

# Solar
Diesel, in Indonesia, better known as solar, is an end product which is used as a fuel in a diesel engine invented by Rudolf Diesel, and perfected by Charles F. Kettering.

# Lubricants
Lubricants are chemical substances, which are generally fluid, which was given between two moving objects to reduce friction. Lubricant serves as a protective layer that separates the two surfaces touch

# Candle
Candle is a light source consisting of a wick covered by solid fuel. The fuel used is paraffin

# Oil fuels
Fuel oil is distilled from petroleum refining but has not yet formed the final residue of the refining process itself. Usually the color of oil is black chrome. Besides oil more dense than diesel oil

# Asphalt
Asphalt is the material that is attached to the hydro carbon (adhesive), brownish-black, water resistant, and visoelastis. Asphalt is often called bitumen binder in asphalt mixture



The negative impact of the use of petroleum

   1. Air Pollution
      Decline in air quality due to the waste from the use of petroleum

   2. Climate change
      The use of petroleum will produce the waste in the form of CO2 ¬. Gas can cause the greenhouse effect in the earth so that there are now global warming is happening. Global warming is exactly what caused climate change in various world balahan

   3. Water pollution
      Exploitation of oil earth using tangker ship, did not rule out the existence of a leak in the ship tangker. Because the ship was leaking tangker, the crude oil is inside will come out and fall keair causing water 

pollution.

Questions :

- wheter the oil has a movement like water? because there is mention that petroleum including fluid .
 - some people use to used the kerosene in traditional medicine , especially when having the stomachache and then they smear it around it . but whether there will be a negative impact if used it continuously?

Meaning Of Organic Chemistry .

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Organic chemistry is the scientific study of branching chemistry on the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds. Organic compounds are constructed mainly by carbon and hydrogen, and may contain other elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, halogens and sulfur.Original definition of organic chemistry is derived from organic compounds misunderstanding that must have come from living organisms, but it has been proved that there are some exceptions. In fact, life is also very dependent on inorganic chemistry, as an example of many enzymes work based on transition metals, such as iron and copper, as well as teeth and bone, and composition is a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds. Other examples are HCl solution, this solution plays a major role in the process of digestion is almost all organisms (especially the higher organisms) using a solution of HCl to digest food, which is also classified in inorganic compounds.

 Regarding the element carbon, inorganic chemicals usually associated with the simple carbon compounds that do not contain bonds between carbon as oxides, salts, acids, calcium carbide, and minerals. But this does not mean that there is not a single carbon compounds in organic compounds such as methane and its derivatives.Chemical reactions on carbon compounds can be grouped into several types, including an addition reaction, esterification, polymerization, yodoform, redox reactions, substitution and elimination reactions. In this trial will be observed on addition reactions, substitution and esterification, which each have a characteristic reaction.

 Addition reaction is a reaction of a compound with the incorporation of specific reagents that accompanied changes in the bonding of these compounds such as bond tigamenjadi duplicate or even be a single duplicate. Esterification reaction is a reaction in which the ester bond formation in these experiments ester made from alcohols and carboxylic acids using an acid catalyst.The carbon atom of an alkyl halide end mempuyai partial positive charge. Carbon is susceptible to attack by the anion and any other species that have a lone pair of electrons in its outer shell. Substitution reaction produced a reaction in which an atom, ion or group substituted for replacing atoms, ions or other groups. 

Questions :
- what is so typical of carbon, so as to form so many compounds and a major part of chemistry?

- as we know one of materials organic is detergent , by using this materials gradually we ruin the comunity all elements on the land , but why are we keeping use it continuesly?

Measurement of energy changes in chemical reactions

Energy changes in chemical reactions can always be made as hot, because it is more appropriate when the term is called the heat of reaction. Tool used to measure the heat of reaction is called a calorimeter (actually calorie meter, although the heat is now known more commonly expressed in joules rather than calories). There are several different forms of these tools, one called the Bomb Calorimeter are shown in the image above. Such calorimeters are usually used to study the exothermic reaction, which would not be running when not heated, for example, the combustion reaction of CH 4 with O 2 or the reaction between H 2 and O 2. Tool consists of a container made of strong steel (bombnya) where the reagent is placed. Bomb is inserted in the insulated tub and given a stirrer and a thermometer. Initial temperature of the bath was measured and then the reaction is run by a small turning on the heater wire inside the bomb. Heat released by reaction is absorbed by the bombs and tanks causing temperature rises tool. From changes in temperature and heat capacity tool that has measured the amount of heat supplied by the reaction can be calculated.Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
The properties of water which gives the definition of the origin of the calorie is the amount of temperature change experienced by water or release time to take some heat. The general term for these properties is called the heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat required to change the temperature of an object by 1 0 C.
Heat capacity is extensive, which means that the amount depending on the sample size. For example to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 0 C required 4.18 J (1 cal), but to raise the temperature of 100 g of water by 1 0 C takes 100 times more energy is 418 J. So that 1 g of the sample had a heat capacity of 4.18 J / 0 C while 100 g samples of 418J / 0 C.
Intensive nature of the heat capacity is related to the type of heat (specific heat) which is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of substance by 1 0 C. For water, its specific heat is 4.18 JG-1C-1. Most substances have a smaller specific heat than water. For example iron, only the specific heat 0.452 J g -1 0 C -1. Means less heat is needed to heat 1 g of iron by 1 0 C than water or can also mean that the amount of heat that will raise the temperature of 1 g of iron is greater than on raising the temperature of 1 g of water.
The amount of the specific heat for water due to a little influence from the sea to the weather. In winter the sea water to cool slower than the mainland so that air moves from sea to land is hotter than the air from land to sea. Likewise in the summer, the sea water is slower to heat than the mainland.
The formula:
q = m.c. Δ't
Description:
q = amount of heat (Joule)
m = mass of substance (g)
Δt = change in temperature t final - t initial)
c = heat typeCalorimetry
Calorimetry calorimetry

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 Enthalpy changes
Enthalpy = H = Heat of reaction at constant pressure = Qp
Enthalpy change is the change in energy that accompanies the event of chemical changes at a constant pressure.
a.

Termination of bonds requires energy (= endothermic)
Example: H 2 → 2H - a kJ; DH = + akJ
b.

Bond formation to give the energy (= exothermic)
Example: 2H → H 2 + a kJ; DH =-a kJ
Term used in the enthalpy change:
1.

Standard enthalpy Pembentakan (DHF):
DH animal lays forming 1 mole of compound directly from its elements are measured at 298 K and a pressure of 1 atm. Example: H 2 (g) + 1 / 2 O 2 (g) → H 2 0 (l); DHF = -285.85 kJ
2.

Enthalpy of decomposition:
DH from the decomposition of 1 mol of the compound directly into its elements (= opposite of DH formation). Example: H 2 O (l) → H 2 (g) + 1 / 2 O 2 (g) DH = +285.85 kJ
3.

Standard Enthalpy of Combustion (DHC):
DH to burn 1 mole of compounds with O 2 from the air measured at 298 K and a pressure of 1 atm. Example: CH 4 (g) + 2o 2 (g) → CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O (l); DHC = -802 kJ
4.

Reaction enthalpy:
DH equation of a reaction in which substances contained in the equation is expressed in units of moles and the coefficients of the equation is simple round. Example: 2Al + 3H 2 SO 4 → Al 2 (SO 4) 3 + 3H 2; DH = -1468 kJ
5.

Enthalpy of Neutralization:
DH produced (always exothermic) in the reaction of neutralization of acid or base. Example: NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l) DH = -890.4 kJ / mol
6.

Lavoisier-Laplace law
"The amount of heat that is released to the formation of 1 mole of substance from the elements-unsurya = amount of heat required to decompose the substance into its constituent elements."
Meaning: If the reaction is reversed then the sign of heat that is formed is also reversed from positive to negative or vice versa Example:
N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) → 2NH 3 (g) DH = - 112 kJ
2NH 3 (g) → N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) DH = + 112 kJEnthalpy of formation, combustion and decomposition
Thermochemical data are generally set at a temperature of 25 0 C and a pressure of 1 atm, hereinafter referred to standard conditions. Enthalpy changes are measured at a temperature of 25 0 C and a pressure of 1 atm is called the standard enthalpy change and is expressed with the symbol Δ H 0 or ΔH298. While the changes in enthalpy measurement does not refer to the conditions of measurement represented by the symbol ΔH alone.
Is the molar enthalpy of the reaction enthalpy change associated with the quantity of substance involved in the reaction. In the known thermochemical various molar enthalpy, such as the enthalpy of formation, decomposition enthalpy, and enthalpy of combustion.The formation enthalpy
There is a range of important thermochemical equation associated with the formation of one mole of a compound of unsurunsurnya. Enthalpy changes associated with this reaction is called the heat of formation or enthalpy of formation is given the symbol ΔH f. For example thermochemical equation for the formation of water and steam at 100 0 C and 1 atm respectively.
RM1
How can we use this equation to obtain the heat of vaporization of water? Clearly equation (1) should be behind us, and then summed with equation (2). Do not forget to change the sign of ΔH. (If the formation of H 2 O (l) exothermic, as reflected by a negative ΔH f, the reverse process must be endothermic) which means a positive exothermic which means to be endothermic.Exothermic
Exothermic (heat producing) exothermic (heat producing)
RM2Endothermic
rm311
When we add the equation (1) and (2), we can
rm410
And heat the reaction =
rm56
Note that the heat of reaction for all the changes together with the heat of formation of reaction products minus the heat of formation of reactants. Generally it can be written:
rm65
Price changes in reaction enthalpy can be influenced by the temperature and pressure conditions during the measurement. Therefore, the necessary conditions of temperature and pressure are to be given to any thermochemical data.Enthalpy of Combustion

The reaction of a substance with oxygen is called combustion reactions. Flammable substances that are the elements carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, and various compounds of these elements. Said to be perfect if the combustion of carbon (c) burned into CO2, hydrogen (H) burned into H2O, sulfur (S) burned to SO2.
Enthalpy changes in the complete combustion of 1 mol of a substance measured at 298 K, 1 atm is called the standard enthalpy of combustion (standard enthalpy of combustion), which is expressed by Δ Hc 0. Enthalpy of combustion is also expressed in kJ mol -1.
Price enthalpy of combustion of various substances at 298 K, 1 atm are given in Table 3 below.
Table 3. Enthalpy of combustion of various substances at 298 K, 1 atm
gb18
The burning of gasoline is an exothermic process. If gasoline is considered consisting of isooktana, C8H18 (one component of gasoline) determine the amount of heat released on combustion of 1 liter of gasoline. Known enthalpy of combustion isooktana = -5460 kJ mol -1 and a density of isooktan = 0.7 kg L -1 (H = 1; C = 12).
Answer:
Isooktana enthalpy of combustion is - 5460 kJ mol -1. Mass of 1 liter of gasoline = 1 x 0.7 kg liter L-1 = 0.7 kg = 700 grams. Mol gram/114 isooktana = 700 grams = 6.14 mol mol -1. So the heat released on combustion of 1 liter of gasoline is: 6.14 x 5460 kJ mol -1 = 33524.4 kJ mol.Perfect combustion and Not Perfect

Fuel combustion in vehicle engines or in the industry do not burn completely. Complete combustion of hydro carbon compounds (fossil fuels) to form carbon dioxide and water vapor. While imperfect combustion to form carbon monoxide and water vapor. For example:
a. Complete combustion isooktana:
C8H18 (l) +12 ½ O2 (g) -> 8 CO2 (g) + 9 H2O (g) ΔH = -5460 kJ
b. Imperfect combustion isooktana:
C8H18 (l) + 8 ½ O2 (g) -> 8 CO (g) + 9 H2O (g) ΔH = -2924.4 kJ
Arson not Perfect Impact
As shown in the example above, imperfect combustion produces less heat. Thus, imperfect combustion reduces fuel efficiency. Another disadvantage of incomplete combustion of carbon monoxide gas is produced (CO), which are toxic. Therefore, imperfect combustion will pollute the air.The decomposition enthalpy
Decomposition reaction is the reverse of reaction formation. Therefore, in accordance with the principle of conservation of energy, equal to the value of the enthalpy of the decomposition enthalpy of formation, but the opposite sign.
Example:
Known Δ Hf 0 H2O (l) = -286 kJ mol -1, the enthalpy of the decomposition of H2O (l) into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas is + 286 kJ mol -1
H2O (l) -> H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) ΔH = + 286 kJ




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 Reaction heat and thermochemical
Relations system with the environment Relations with environmental systems
The study of heat is called a thermochemical reaction that is part of the branch of a larger science of thermodynamics. Before talking about the principle of this thermochemical we proceed, will be made once the definition of some terms. One of the terms that will be used is the system. The system is part of the universe that we are studying. It may be for example a chemical reaction that occurs in a beaker. Outside the system is the environment. In explaining a system, we must analyze its properties appropriately. Given temperature, pressure, number of moles of each substance and a liquid, solid or gas. After all these variables are determined means that all the properties of the system is certain, we have described the state of the system.
When changes occur in a system it is said that the system moves from one state to another state. When the system is isolated from the environment so that no heat can flow then changes that occur in the system is adiabatic change. During the adiabatic change, the temperature of the system will shift, when the exothermic reaction will go up while going down when the endothermic reaction. When the system was isolated from its environment, then the heat will flow between the two, so if there is a reaction, the temperature of the system can be made permanent. Changes that occur at constant temperature is called the change isotermik. It has been said, if the reaction is exothermic or endothermic then on the chemicals involved will be a change of potential energy. We measure the heat of reaction will be equal to the change of this potential energy. From now on we will use this change in some quantity that need to be enforced some rules to declare changes in general.
The symbol Δ (Greek letter for delta) is generally used to indicate a change in quantity. For example changes in temperature can be written by ΔT, where T represents temperature. In practice, usually in the show change is by reducing the final temperature with the temperature at first.
ΔT = T final - T initial
Likewise, changes in potential energy
(Ep) Δ (E.P) = EP late - early EP
From this definition obtained an agreement in algebraic sign for exothermic and endothermic changes. In the exothermic change, the potential energy of the reaction is lower than the potential energy EP reagents means lower end of the first EP. So the price ÷ EP has a negative price. Opposite to the endothermic reaction, where the price ÷ EP is positive.Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Endothermic event (right) and exothermic (left) endothermic event (right) and exothermic (left)Exothermic reaction
Exothermic reaction occurs at the heat transfer from the system into the environment or on the reaction heat is released. In the exothermic reaction ΔH = negative prices (-)
Example:
C (s) + O 2 (g) → CO 2 (g) + 393.5 kJ;
ΔH = -393.5 kJEndothermic reaction
In reaction to the heat transfer occurs from the environment to the system or to the reaction heat is needed. At the price endothermic reaction ΔH = positive (+)
Example:
CaCO 3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO 2 (g) - 178.5 kJ; ΔH = +178.5 kJ
The process of exothermic and endothermic processes The process of exothermic and endothermic process

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 Definition of thermochemical
thermochemical thermochemical can be defined as part of chemistry that studies the dynamics of chemical reactions or changes by observing thermal / thermal only. One of applied science in everyday life is a chemical reaction in our bodies where the production of energy-the energy required or issued for all the tasks that we do. Combustion of fuels like oil and coal used for electricity generation. Gasoline burned in a car engine will produce power that causes the car running. If we have a gas stove means we burn methane (the main component of natural gas) that produce heat for m gold ak. And through a sequence of reactions called metabolism, food you eat will produce the energy we need for the body to function.
Almost all chemical reactions there is always the energy is taken or removed. Let us examine the occurrence of this and how do we know of any changes in energy.
Thermochemical thermochemical events Events
Suppose we will perform a chemical reaction in an enclosed area so that no heat can escape or enter into the reaction mixture. Or the reaction is carried out in such a way that the total energy remains the same. Also suppose that the potential energy of the reaction is lower than the potential energy of reagents so that reactions occur when there is a decrease of potential energy. But this energy can not just disappear because the total energy (kinetic and potential) should remain constant. Therefore, when its potential energy falls, then the mean kinetic energy must increase the potential energy turns into kinetic energy. The addition amount of kinetic energy will cause the price of the average kinetic energy of molekulmolekul ride, which we see as a rise in temperature of the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture became hot.
Most chemical reactions are not sealed from the outside world. When the reaction mixture to heat as described below, the heat can flow around. Any changes that can release energy to the surroundings are called exothermic changes. Note that if there is an exothermic reaction, the temperature of the reaction mixture will rise and the potential energy of chemical substances in question will come down.
Sometimes chemical changes occur when there is increased potential energy of the substances concerned. When this happens, then the kinetic energy would go down so that its temperature is also down. When the system is not closed in around him, the heat can flow into the reaction mixture and the change is called endothermic change. Note that if there is an endothermic reaction, the temperature of the reaction mixture will decrease and the potential energy of the substances involved in the reaction will go up.
Event of a fire producing heat the fire produces heat eventsMeasurement of Energy in Chemical Reactions
Standard international unit for energy is Joule (J) derived from the kinetic energy. One joule = 1 kgm 2 / s 2. Equivalent to the amount of energy that belongs to an object with a mass of 2 kg and a speed of 1 m / sec (if in units of English, the object with a mass of 4.4 lb and the speed of 197 ft / min or 2.2 mile / hour).
1 J = 1 kg m 2 / s 2
Smaller unit of energy used in physics called the ERG that cost = 1 × 10 -7 J. In referring to the energy involved in the reaction between the reactant molecule size is usually replaced with larger units of kilojoules (kJ). One kilojoules = 1000 joules (1 kJ = 1000J).
All forms of energy can be converted entirely into heat and when a chemist measures the energy, usually in the form of heat. The usual way is used to express heat is called calorie (cal abbreviation). The definition is derived from the effect of heat on the temperature of the object. At first calorie is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water with temperatures from 15 0 C for 1 0 C. Kilocalories (kcal) as well as kilojoules are units that are better suited to express the energy changes in chemical reactions. The unit is also used to indicate kilocalories of energy contained in food.
Upon the acceptance of the SI, is now also joules (or kilojoules) and calories preferably redefined in SI units. Now calories and kilocalories are defined exactly as follows:
1 cal = 4.184 J
1 kcal = 4.184 kJquestion :

1. What conditions ideal calorimeter?